Top 80s Music Bands with Colorful Names

The Themes of Robert Frosts Mending Wall Essay - 2147 Words

The Themes of Robert Frosts Mending Wall One of the major themes of Frosts Mending Wall is the cycle of the seasons. Several phrases refer to the seasons, particularly in a repetitive, cyclic way: spring mending-time, frozen ground-swell, once again, spring is the mischief in me. Another theme is parallelism or the lack of it. Sometimes this parallelism takes a physical form, associated with the wall, as we imagine the two men walking parallel paths: We meet to walk the line. We keep the wall between us as we go. One on a side. It is a mental wall, though, as well as a physical one, and I read the gaps as making possible a meeting of minds and attitudes as well as of lands and bodies. Closing the gaps in the wall means†¦show more content†¦Richard Poirier points out that the poem is not only about the making of fences but the making of speech between men and, even more tellingly, the way the making of fences leads to the making of speech--poetry, really, against the claustrophobias of mechanical forms. Walls have a power of confinement which creates a counter-movement of mischief. Richard Poirier points out a significant fact: the mischievous poet who voices his opposition to wall-building is also the man who each year informs his taciturn neighbor that it is time to build them. Voice and nature are thus potentially allied. The cycles of nature and the seasons; parallelism; speech and poetry; the contrast between the physical and mental--I state such themes explicitly so that I can try to make each item of the poem relevant to every other through one or more of the themes. For example, what significance can I find in, We wear our fingers rough with handling them? The skin, it says, is another boundary being firmed up, and I can fit this line under the theme of walls and parallelism. Frosts psyche has nothing to do with this way of reading. Thematizing, as todays critical jargon has it, or simply theming is essential to my own sense of coherence in the poem and hence to my experience of it, although the themes themselves do not describe that experience, which remains finally emotional andShow MoreRelated The Theme of Isolation in Robert Frosts The Mending Wall Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theme of Isolation in Robert Frosts The Mending Wall Robert Frosts The Mending Wall is a comment on the nature of our society. In this poem, Frost examines the way in which we interact with one another and how we function as a whole. For Frost, the world is often one of isolation. Man has difficulty communicating and relating to one another. As a result, we have a tendency to shut ourselves off from others. In the absence of effective communication, we play the foolish game of avoidingRead More Robert Frost Essay873 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Good fences makes good neighbors,† is a small portion from the Mending Wall written by one of modern times most proficient writers, Robert Frost. Two of the critical articles I examined were quite helpful in gaining a better understanding of the â€Å"Mending Wall† and also of Robert Frost’s poetry. The Gale Research shows the best and most effective understanding of the â€Å"Mending Wall,† mainly because it deals specifically with that poem. It basically states t hat the poem is built around two attitudesRead MoreRobert Frost Alienation Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Robert Frost poems, such as Birches, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, and many others all display alienation. Robert Frost loved writing poem about nature and urban areas as well. In most of these poems Robert Frost portrays alienation, this could be, because he himself experienced alienation. Alienation means to feel like youre lonely, it is not literally being alone. You can be in a crowded of hundreds of people and still feel alone, or left out. We all experience AlienationRead MoreFrostsMending Wall, By Robert Frost841 Words   |  4 PagesMending Wall was influenced by Frosts neighbor while he lived on his farm in New Hampshire. Like in Home Burial, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall is based on Frosts experiences in New England. Frost and his neighbor met every spring to wall along their stone wall and fix any problems with it, this is the exact setting of Mending Wall (History). Frosts neighbor, like the neighbor in the poem, always believed in the same saying good fences make good neighbors.Read MoreRobert Frost s Mending Wall1291 Words   |  6 PagesIn Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Mending Wall†, he illustrates barriers as linking people through, communication, friendship and the sense of security people gain from those barriers. His messages are utilized through systems, for example, symbolism, structure, and humor, uncovering a complex side of the poem and, in addition, accomplishing a general carefree impact. In Robert Frost’s â€Å"Mending Wall† a tightly woven intricate balance of literal and metaphorical meaning is portrayed through themes of isolationRead MoreAnalyzing Robert Frosts Mending Wall1475 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing Robert Frost’s â€Å"Mending Wall† Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26th in 1874. Robert Frost s personal life was filled with grief and insecurities. When he was 11, his father died of tuberculosis, his mother died of cancer years after, and his sister was confined into a mental institution where she also later died. Elinor and Robert Frost had six children together. One of their sons died of cholera, one son committed suicide, one of their daughters died afterRead MoreDestroying and Mending Boundaries760 Words   |  3 Pages Robert Frost has written poems throughout his life making readers feel meaning in each one. Mending wall, is a famous poem that moves people with a deeper understanding in the poem. Mending wall is about the persona and his neighbor coming down annually to come mend a rock wall. Throughout the year the wall had been worn from multiple causes from hunters, animals, and nature. Although they fix it the listeners can tell that the Persona wants to break down and become friends, but the neighbor doesRead MoreThe Dark Side of Robert Frost’s Nature Essay2339 Words   |  10 PagesRobert Frost is known for his poems about nature, he writes about trees, flowers, and animals. This is a common misconception, Robert Frost is more than someone who writes a happy poem about nature. The elements of nature he uses are symbolic of something more, something darker, and something that needs close attention to be discovered. Flowers might not always represent beauty in Robert Frost’s poetry. Symbolism is present in every line of the nature’s poet’s poems. The everyday objects presentRead More Mending Wall by Robert Frost Essay2093 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Mending Wall† by Robert Frost   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mending Wall† by Robert Frost is a poem in which the characteristics of vocabulary, rhythm and other aspects of poetic technique combine in a fashion that articulates, in detail, the experience and the opposing convictions that the poem describes and discusses. The ordinariness of the rural activity is presented in specific description, and as so often is found in Frost’s poems, the unprepossessing undertaking has much larger implications. Yet his considerationRead MorePoems of Robert Frost Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesRobert Frost was an American poet, and playwright who became one of the leading pioneers in poetry in the late 1800’s into the 1900’s. Frost grew up in rural New England in the early twentieth century and experienced many hardships in his life including losing his father at the young age of eleven and losing two children at very young ages. He used his experiences of growing up in a rural area in most of his poe ms. Another major them in his poems are decision-making poems usually based off of his

Impact of Media Technology on Learning Behavior Free Essays

The effect of positive reinforcement of grade 2 students on BEd SCM regarding on their cooperation In class A Research Presented Joanna S. Violators Elaine D. Enduring (BBS Psychology-3) Submitted to: Miss. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Media Technology on Learning Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Melody Dupes (Teacher) SST. Michaels College, Align City February 2013 Table of Content l. Abstract ? II. Introduction a. Reviewed literature b. Concept of framework c. Statement Hypothesis d. Significant of the study e. Scope and limitation f. Deflection of terms . Ill. Methodology a. Research design b. Materials c. Procedure Abstract Many different teaching strategies have been assessed to help increase the behavioral repertoires of Individuals with developmental disabilities and Outlast This study the effect of positive reinforcement of grade 2 students on Bed SCM regarding on their cooperation in class. The results indicate that the impact of positive reinforcement on their studies will motivate them to study hard. CHAPTER 1 Reviewed literature Behavior modification focuses on behaviors and behavior changes. RESERVE ACT at  https://donemyessay.com/apush-chapter-29/ Behaviors are what a person does or says. The purpose of behavior modification is to alp change behaviors that have a social impact on one’s life while improving a specific aspect of that person’s life (Malingerer, 2008). According to Matter and Goldstein (2001 ), â€Å"All behavior follows a set of consistent rules. Methods can be developed for defining, observing, and measuring behaviors, as well as designing effective interventions† (p. 96). Behaviors have one or more dimensions that can be measured. These dimensions include the frequency or number of times a behavior occurs, the duration or how long a behavior occurs, and the intensity or hysterical force involved in a behavior (Malingerer, 2008). Behavior modification is a field of psychology that analyzes and modifies human behaviors (Malingerer, 2008). It is the consistent application of positive or negative consequences to reinforce the occurrence of a desirable behavior and/or to reduce the occurrence of an undesirable behavior. As stated by Malingerer (2008), analyzing a behavior meaner to 7 determine the relationship between the environment and that behavior to better understand why a person behaved the way he or she did, and modifying a behavior earns to create and put into place procedures to help people change that behavior. Four major figures in psychology were influential in the development of the scientific principles on which behavior modification, a theory of psychology that has been around since the early sass’s, is based. The first major contribution of behavior modification was Edward Thorniness development of the law of effect, in 1911, which states behaviors that generate a positive effect on the environment are more likely to occur in the future (libertine’s, 2008). An example of the law of effect pertaining o education is students receiving credit for doing their homework. This theory implies that students who consistently earn credit for completing their homework are more likely to continue this behavior. In 1913, John Watson started a movement called behaviorism. Watson believed that observable behaviors were an appropriate subject matter of psychology and that all behaviors were controlled by outside events (Malingerer, 2008). Behaviorism can be witnessed in schools when students who live in abusive and/or unstructured environments misbehave because 8 they have to been exposed to or taught socially acceptable behaviors by their parent’s. These students’ undesirable behaviors are often a result of negative, unhealthy events that take place in their homes. In the mid-sass’s, Ivan Pavlov’s experiments discovered the basic process of respondent conditioning (Malingerer, 2008). Respondent conditioning, also known as classical conditioning, pairs a stimulus and response that occurs naturally with another stimulus to elicit a response that does not occur naturally. This theory is demonstrated in the classroom when teachers use the statement, â€Å"give me five†. This specific behavior management technique is used to quickly and quietly cue students to stop what they are doing. Students are expected to give the teacher their undivided attention while he or she speaks to the class. Teachers who implement this technique have conditioned their students to behave in a specific manner which is unrelated to the usual meaning of the statement. B. F. Skinner is considered to be one of the most influential sass’s, Skinner expanded the field of behaviorism first developed by Watson by laying out the principles of operant condition which claims that the 9 consequence of a behavior controls the future occurrence of that behavior (?FL alternative, 2008). Skinner’s work has influenced the field of education, as well as the field of psychology. He believed that positive reinforcement was more effective than punishment when trying to change and establish behaviors. Through his work, Skinner identified five main obstacles to learning. These obstacles are a fear of failure, the task is too long and complicated, the task lacks directions, clarity in the directions is lacking, and there is little or no positive reinforcement (Frisson, 2008). Skinner also recognized that people can be taught age-appropriate skills using the following techniques. These techniques are giving the learner immediate feedback, breaking tasks down into small steps, repeating the directions as many times as possible, working from the most simple to the most complex tasks, and giving positive reinforcement (Frisson, 2008). Behavior modification is used in many areas to assist in changing people’s problematic behaviors. These behaviors are considered to be socially unacceptable and inappropriate for one’s age and/or ability. Additionally, these behaviors are often disruptive to one’s life. Malingerer (2008) noted that,† A wealth of research in behavior modification demonstrates that these 10 behaviors often can be controlled or eliminated with behavioral intervention† One field that consistently uses behavior modification is education, especially in the areas of classroom management and teaching students with special needs. The field of developmental disabilities has received more behavior modification research than any other area (Malingerer, 2008), as individuals with disabilities often have behavioral deficits that are able to be overcome with the use of behavior edification. Behavior modification continues to play a major role in special education. It is used to create effective teaching methods and to control problematic behaviors such as not cot plying with school and/or class rules. It is also used to improve inappropriate social behaviors including temper tantrums, interrupting, and difficulty sharing. Furthermore, behavior modification is used to improve functional skills deficits pertaining to personal hygiene and toileting, promoting self- management, and training teachers (Malingerer, 2008). Statement of the Problem The purpose of my paper was to explore behavior modification by using rewards to encourage positive, observable behavior changes in my students. Teachers have an opportunity to positively impact their students’ behavior, in addition to their education. I wanted to see if the idea of behavior modification was an effective method for teaching and encouraging students’ age-appropriate behaviors and social skills. I researched the use of rewards and positive reinforcement with regards to behavior modification by creating a classroom more interacting and participation on the classroom. One aspect of teaching is educators’ abilities to effectively manage their students’ behaviors. Many teacher education programs expose preserve teachers to numerous strategies for managing students’ behaviors because the most challenging aspect of teaching continues to be Wetted and Mercer (2003), â€Å"The area of behavior interventions in classrooms receives more attention than many other aspects of schooling† (p. 9). This is not surprising as teachers are expected to deal with discipline problems that were once a cause for suspension or expulsion from school since more and more students are being included in public school settings, in part due to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Quinn et al. , 2001). Another area teachers struggle with is whether or not students should be rewarded for behaviors that are expected of them. Some educators believe that it is not their responsibility to provide incentives for students; they feel that this is the Job of parent’s. However, research in the area of behavioral skills training claims that feedback in the form of positive reinforcement is essential to teaching individuals appropriate behaviors and expectations (Malingerer, 2008). Wetted and Mercer (2003) note that, â€Å"The most controversial issues in behavior management have been the use of rewards to n- motivate and teach students to follow classroom rules and routines and to complete academic assignments† (p. 88). The appropriate use of positive reinforcement and behavior modification are important for success in the classroom, as frequent reprimands, low expectations, and infrequent praise often result in students who exhibit challenging behaviors (Morgan, 2006). Educators can use strong classroom management skills to end, or at the very least avoid, an increase in problematic behaviors. Significant of the study This study focused on the impact of positive reinforcement on their studies will motivate them to study hard. It is used to create effective teaching methods and to control problematic behaviors such as not cot plying with school and/or class rules. It is also used to improve inappropriate social behaviors including temper tantrums, interrupting, and difficulty sharing. All of only students were classified as having special needs and were placed in my learning resource classroom due to cognitive and/or behavioral deficits that required specialized support from a special education teacher. Many of my students had a difficult time appropriately interacting with adults and peers, especially in the area of manners. These students often required numerous verbal prompts and reminders from adults working with them to use manners. Unfortunately, the previous approach of verbally prompting my students to use appropriate manners did not have the intended positive effect of improving their social interactions. Scope and limitation This study considered the effect of positive reinforcement on the lassoer setting whom we wanted to see if the idea of behavior modification was an effective method for teaching and encouraging students’ age-appropriate behaviors and social skills on the particular setting on classroom. Definition of Terms Behavior – What a person says or does. Cooperative Learning. – Cooperative Learning is a systematic pedagogical strategy that encourages small groups of students to work together for the achievement of a common goal. Classroom management- A set of skills needed by a teacher to plan, implement, and maintain a learning environment in which students learn decision- Discussion. -There are a variety of ways to stimulate discussion. Motivation- A driving force that encourages an action or behavior to occur Positive reinforcement- positive reinforcement involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. Reward- Something that is given in return for doing something else. Skills- An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or Job functions involving ideas (cognitive kills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills). Teaching strategy- are the methods you use to allow learners to access the information you are teaching. This action research project explored the theory of behavior modification through the use of rewards to promote positive behavioral changes in students with special needs. A classroom behavior management plan was created to observe the effectiveness of positive reinforcement on influencing students’ behaviors. This chapter presents the research methodologies used in the study. This includes the research design, sources of data, data gathering procedure and the statistical treatment of data. Research Design The researchers employed the one group must be experimental without reinforcement while the other group is a controlled group that if there is a motivation using positive reinforcement. By using this design, the researchers were able to determine effects of positive reinforcement regarding on their participation in class. The experimental and controlled group was used as a basis of comparison of reinforcement. Materials This will be conducted in a classroom setting How to cite Impact of Media Technology on Learning Behavior, Essays

Business Environment Analysis of Air Chathams

Question: Discuss about the Business Environment Analysis of Air Chathams. Answer: Introduction: Air Chathams Limited is a domestic airline company of New Zealand that primarily serves the routes between mainland of New Zealand and Chatham Island. The company was founded in the year 1984 that is privately owned by Marion and Craig Emeny ("www.airchathams.co.nz", 2016). The company has grown to be a safe and reliable airline organisation that supports the transportation needs of people and freight from and to mainland New Zealand. In the international market, the company is known for its charter flights that serve the transportation needs of local businesses in Chatham ("www.airchathams.co.nz", 2016). Air Chathams charter flight routes serve different destinations of Australia and South Pacific. There are several other airlines companies in the market that are quite advanced in terms of technology and services. Air Chathams is found to be the second leading airline company of New Zealand after Air New Zealand holding the first position in the Airline industry of New Zealand ("www.airchathams.co.nz", 2016). There are several other international companies like Virgin Airlines and Qantas that provides the company with huge competition because of their low air fares and international existence. Business Environment Analysis Business Environment Analysis is a management tool for analysing the factors that influence the business of an organisation and observe the level of impacts of these factors on the operations of the firm (Little, 2010). The general environment involves the identification of the internal and external factors that impacts the performance of the organisation. The general environment primarily impacts the success level of the organisation (Guy, 2009). Hence, it is important for the management of an organisation to observe the market trends and events that has an implication on the operations of the business. On the other hand, PESTEL analysis is an essential management tool under the general environment that helps to evaluate and analyse the Political Factors, Economical Factors, Socio-cultural Factors, Technological Factors, Environmental Factors and International factors that impacts the business of Air Chathams Limited (Collett, 2007). The report has been developed to conduct an environmental analysis of Air Chathams business to observe the dimensions that effects the organisation in directly or indirectly. It is important to note that the political environment presents the political and legal issues such as war, rules and regulations of tourism and several other factors in the country that impacts the business of the airline company (Fahy, 2012). The government of New Zealand do not allow the airlines to travel to such destinations that are going through political distress for the safety of the citizens. On the other hand, the Economic Environment presents the overall financial health of the country in terms of consumer spending, recession and inflation in the economy. Business Environment Framework The business environment framework in the form of dimensions of the organisations task, internal and general environment has been presented herein below (Emerson, 2013) Analysis of the Task Environment The task environment of any business is identified to be one of the most significant things to increase the level of organisational performance and business functions as described below: Customers: For any growing business industry such as airlines industry, customers have been identified as one of the major business targets. Precisely, in the contemporary business scenario, customers of airline industry verify the offering rates, accommodation, performance and feedbacks of other passengers before choosing aviation services (Staff, Hunziker, Jones, 2010). Invariably, the services and affordability of rates have made Air Chathams Limited more preferable to the target customers. Suppliers: During the flight system, the reliability of the suppliers attached to the business is mandatory for successful services offered to the clients (Emerson, 2013). Herein, suppliers of airline business determine transportation of luggage of the passengers; ensure quality food services and medical services if required. Air Chathams Limiteds major suppliers are retentively up to the mark to achieve highest business operations (Cary, 2007). Competitors: In recent times, the development of the airline industry all around the globe has presented a number of customers to the New Zealand based Air Chathams Limited ("www.airchathams.co.nz", 2016). Primarily, Air Nelson, Air2there, Air New Zealand, Jetstar, and Virgin Australia Holding Limited have been identified as major domestic and international competitors for Air Chathams Limited (Somerville, 2007). Labour Market: Currently, sustainability of the labour industry in the aviation business in New Zealand has provided productive growth for businesses (Paulsen, 2013). Meanwhile, the high scale payments and job offerings to the new talents have increased the overall functionality of NZs aviation firms. Element Narrative In this particular section, the three top environments attached to the business of Air Chathams Limited have been briefed as follows: Task Environment The task environment analysis presents the micro level environment of the firm that impacts its business. The Task environment analysis has been presented herein below: Customers: Air Chathams serves both international and domestic customers. It is the primary choice for the people living in Chathams or visiting the place (Worthington Britton, 2016). Air Chathams operates international charter flights to meet the needs of high profile customers and businesses that operate in Chatham Island. Competitors: The domestic routes served by the company are also provided by several other airline companies such as Virgin Airlines and Air New Zealand. Hence, it faces a huge competition from the market leaders due to a higher air fares as compared to Air New Zealand and Virgin Airlines (Vitale Giglierano, 2012). Suppliers: The primary suppliers of the company are the aviation fuel company such as Z situated in Auckland. Along with that, the catering agency for food service during flights is also important supplier of the company (Worthington Britton, 2016). It is important for Air Chathams to maintain a good relationship with the suppliers to reduce the cost of operations and any delay in the operations. Labour Markets: The Company sets a target of hiring younger employees to enhance the productivity of the organisation. Along with that, it hire female in the management team to improve the quality of services (Vitale Giglierano, 2012). Internal Environment Management: The management of Air Chathams Limited verifies the environmental issues, employee issues and other social problems that can contribute towards the lack of productivity. Precisely, the administration of the group has hired best managers and executives to complete the entire management work in a fruitful procedure (Bailey Baron, 2014). Thus, the organisational design has efficiently made out management planning, controlling of the human resources and organising decision-making. Organisational Culture: Organisational culture is another vital ingredient to support the activities of the internal environment. The work culture of the group influences the performance of the workforce to provide best customer services. Also, following the guidelines of the aviation industry, the work culture ensures security and safety of the passengers during the flight (Blais, 2012). Employees: Air Chathams Limited offers significant remuneration to their dedicated workforce. Moreover, hiring the best business executives, technical people and engineers in the industry, the organisation shows their responsibility towards the target demographics ("www.airchathams.co.nz", 2016). Also, the employees of the group have supported the customers to influence the level of satisfaction of the clients. General Environment Technological Environment: Air Chathams Limited has ensured technical assessment to the current business operations to make aviation journey more secure and time-saving. Through the identification of modern technologies, the aviation organisation is aimed to create more opportunities to increase the number of target demographics (Staff, Hunziker, Jones, 2010). Natural Environment: In the case of the natural business environment, the long-run business reputation of the aviation group has apparently worked in favour of Air Chathams Limited to increase the business sustainability (Paulsen, 2013). Meanwhile, the operations of the business are directed towards environment-friendly steps so that the corporate social responsibility of the organisation can be highlighted to the rest of the target demographic profile. Legal/Political Environment: Air Chathams Limiteds employees and associates truly value the government regulations and policies to be followed in the business operations. Precisely, following the regulations, Air Chathams Limited is very strict about their operations and does not permit any misconduct during the flight to secure passengers life. Economic Environment: Meanwhile, in the time of global downturn, the fundamental of poor economic condition hurts the business spending. Therefore, the organisation has set some new strategies to work better during the possible recession scenario providing significant customer packages (Orlady, Orlady, Lauber, 2009). Socio-cultural Environment: In order to meet the satisfaction level of the domestic as well as international clients, Air Chathams Limited offers latest aviation facilities and services to increase the tourism probabilities (Worthington Britton, 2016). Moreover, for international tourists, special packages have been offered to influence the purchasing of the clients. International Environment: In aviation business, the global environment has been predicted to be one of the most critical aspects. Decisively, Air Chathams Limited has operated its business mainly in Australia and Asia-Pacific to make maximum profits (Maekwa, 2013). Admittedly, a significant portion of profit has come from the international trade operations of Air Chathams Limited. Conclusion The analysis of the industry trend, internal and external business environment of Air Chathams Limited, it can be identified that the management of the group has taken tough decisions to increase the level of business activities. Moreover, the strategic moves of the organisation have clearly elevated the chances of the firm. Currently, the management operations of the business have presented tough competition to the other market operators to take away the maximum market share from the competitors in the domestic as well as international market. References Bailey, E. Baron, D. (2014). Business and Its Environment.Journal Of Policy Analysis And Management,13(1), 205. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3325105 Blais, S. (2012).Business analysis(1st ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Cary, T. (2007). Custom programming/analysis in the small business environment.ACM SIGMINI Newsletter,3(2), 10-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1041244.1041248 Collett, H. (2007). Flurry of activity sparks dismal aviation industry.Hospital Aviation,6(3), 10-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-8315(87)80032-3 Emerson, L. (2013).Writing guidelines for business students(1st ed.). South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning. Fahy, J. (2012). A resource-based analysis of sustainable competitive advantage in a global environment.International Business Review,11(1), 57-77. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-5931(01)00047-6 Guy, F. (2009).The global environment of business(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Little, S. (2010). Task environment versus institutional environment: understanding the context of design decision-making.Design Studies,11(1), 29-42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-694x(90)90012-2 Maekwa, H. (2013). The New Airport and Aviation Systems. For Safer Flying Environment.IEEJ Transactions On Industry Applications,113(4), 425-428. https://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.113.425 Orlady, H., Orlady, L., Lauber, J. (2009).Human factors in multi-crew flight operations(1st ed.). Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Paulsen, N. (2013). Managing Strategic Challenges in Community Sector Organisations.Queensland Review,10(01), 141-153. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600002579 Somerville, H. (2007). Air quality issues in the aviation industry.Atmospheric Environment,31(12), 1905-1907. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(97)83719-3 Staff, N., Hunziker, J., Jones, T. (2010).Product Liability and Innovation(1st ed.). Washington: National Academies Press. Vitale, R. Giglierano, J. (2012).Business to business marketing(1st ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Thomas Learning. Worthington, I. Britton, C. (2016).The business environment(1st ed.). Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. www.airchathams.co.nz. (2016).Air Chathams. Retrieved November 2016, from https://www.airchathams.co.nz/.